Planting a new vineyard according to old tradition

In an ideal year, from our 14 ha of certified organic (since 2010) and classified grade A vineyards, we could produce 300-350 hL of must to vinify into red and rosé Quinta do Tedo estate Ports and Douro DOC wines (we do not grow, nor buy white grapes). 

Compared to Burgundy’s Grand Cru (35-37 hL/ha) or Bordeaux’s First Growth (45 hL/ha), Quinta do Tedo’s 20-25 hL/ha and Douro Valley’s 30 hL/ha average yields are low. Might you ask “Why?”

First off, it’s harder to maximize the number of individual vines planted per hectare of stone wall terraces or patamares on heterogeneous hillsides with 30% slopes, compared to wider and more easily mechanized flatlands. Secondly, Douro’s hot, dry mediterranean climate and low organic matter soils limit vegetative growth and fruit production. And, finally, Douro is a mecca for old vines which produce less, but arguably more concentrated, complex, and consistent quality grapes.

Small old vineyard parcels densely co-planted with 20+ local varieties are both Douro’s best kept and most vulnerable treasure, considering the lack of next generation local grape growers to care for them, and large estates buying and replanting them to grow higher yields of fewer grape varieties.

We were lucky to purchase Quinta do Tedo in 1992 with Savedra, an intact 75+ year old parcel from which we produce (not in quantity, but surely in quality) our Grande Reserva Savedra Douro DOC red wine and Vintage Savedra Port. 

However, we cannot sustain growing demand for our relatively small Port and Douro DOC wine production, our Team Tedo, and the next generation of our family business only on old vines producing increasingly less grapes. And selling obnoxiously high-priced wines goes against our Bouchard Family principles and Portuguese culture by which fair-priced, quality wine is a democratic good enjoyed by all.

So, every 5-8 years, we replant bit by bit of our vineyards that have negatively succumbed to old age or disease, such is the natural cycle of immortal life. We replant according to the traditional field blend concept on a larger-scale, sustaining a mosaic of micro-parcels of different ages and varieties best adapted to each micro-climate.

In 2022, we replanted a past-its-prime old vine with Bastardo (to make a lighter-style Douro DOC red wine), Sousão (with intense color and acidity, and low alcohol potential to make fine Port), and a few Touriga Nacional clones (to observe their adaptation to each micro-parcel and climatic changes). We restructured the once unmechanizable sloping patamar with 20+ vineyard rows into smaller terraces, each with a single row of densely planted vines between which our tractor could pass to aerate the soil and make organic treatments.

This new vineyard architecture lost us 1.7 ha of plantable land to terrace walls and tractor paths, which we recuperated this year, planting the Seita Nova vineyard following old traditions at 200 meter elevation on Northeast and East facing slopes bordering matos (low-lying shrub).

Instead of buying pre-grafted vines (genetic clones which produce quicker and with more consistency, but arguably a lack resilience and “terroir identity”), we planted two different rootstocks onto which we will graft a massal selection of less-common local varietals like Malvasia Preta, Cornifesto, Donzelinho Tinto, Tinta da Barca from old vines.

We planted 1103 Paulsen rootstock, better adapted to the drier and windier conditions on the larger North East-facing slope which has deeper, more fertile and potentially more acidic soils where matos once grew. On the less fertile East-facing slope we planted 110 Richter rootstock. Both rootstocks are drought-tolerant, deep-rooting and late-ripening, and thus well adapted to Douro’s warm, dry climate.

Planting a new “old vine field blend” sounds romantic, but is no small investment and requires more planning than doing to ensure the vines will thrive past 25-30 years. Detailed operations count, “like trimming the rootstocks’ to avoid their producing excess CO2 which can intoxicate the planting hole and hinder the vine from establishing new roots there”, Quinta do Tedo’s Viticulture Manager Angelo Ribeiro explained to me. 

We are grateful for the hard work of our full-time local Vineyard Team (no doubt with some outsourced help!) who spent the first half of April digging 80 cm deep holes (to secure humidity) through hard schist rock soils. With 80 cm between each hole, our high density planting will increase the vines’ horizontal competition for resources, which they'll have to grow deep roots down to find. Finally, high pressure watering deep into each hole helps the earth crumble around the new vine, cradling it into its new home.

If all goes well, in Spring 2025, we will graft massal selection onto the planted rootstock. As we face and prepare for more intense drought conditions, in our 2019 and Seita Nova vineyard plantings we’ve shifted from spur pruning (Cordon) to low-trained cane pruning (Guyot) which we believe is better suited for lower-yielding, long-living vines in hotter, dryer growing seasons. We expect the first clusters from Seita Nova in 2026/2027, and quality fruit only after 10-12 years.

And there you have it - a snippet of what it means to be wine growers chasing amelioration while preserving tradition in the age of climatic uncertainty, to continue to produce classic and complex, deep and terroir-driven Port of DOC wines that scream “Douro”. 

Stay tuned for how our 2022 and Seita Nova plantings come along!

~ Odile & Kay Bouchard

Today’s certified organic vineyards need a good Viticulture Manager!

In a recent interview for Quinta do Tedo’s long-feature film (to be released in April!), Vincent reflects on the beauty of Douro Valley that attracted him and Kay to buy Quinta do Tedo in 1992. He then hesitates before recalling the “garbage-like” state the property and its surroundings were in back then.

Living most of the year in water-scarce Northern California where a dynamic environmental movement has been underway since the 60s, sustainability has always been ingrained in our Bouchard family values to live and work by anywhere in the world. However, Portugal in the early 90s still resembled a developing country and the push to go-green was seen more in line with governmental legislation than each individual’s responsibility.

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So, to set an example without stepping on the cultural norms of the country we were so warmly welcomed into, my parents “used” my brothers’ and my youthful servitude on the weekends to pick sardine cans, cigarette packs, plastic bags, food wrappers and even refrigerators off the roadsides around Quinta do Tedo. 

Paolo, Joe and I were 8, 4 and 6 years old and dressed in yellow rain jackets to protect us from Spring showers and potential accidents with Sunday church-goers, some of whom slowed down, looking perplexed, or even stopped to ask what the heck we were doing? 

We were simply, although perhaps not so discreetly, nurturing sustainability into the ethos of our family business, Quinta do Tedo.

Over the years, we continued to work with locals (two of whom are still part of our essential vineyard team), improve their work conditions, clean up the estate and grow our own produce to cook for our team. We eventually installed a water recycling unit, registered our land and the Tedo River as an Ecological Reserve, and, in 2009, invested in the three-year conversion of our 14 ha of vineyards to Certified Organic.  

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However, as the quality of organic wines 15 years ago was considered inconsistent or even compared to vinegar by more disparaging traditionalists, we modestly described our vineyards as “traditionally-farmed with minimal intervention”. After all, that was how Douro Valley’s steep, narrow, terraced vineyards were historically cultivated - by hand and without chemical pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers many farmers could not afford. 

Vincent recalls growing organic grapes in Douro Valley’s hot, arid climate was not so hard, compared to other more humid wine regions. Here, rainfall is concentrated in the winter when the dormant vines are protected, soils have good filtration, native grapes varieties’ roots grow deep to procure their own water, and strong afternoon winds minimize humidity and the pests and diseases it can nurture.

Fast-forward 10 years from 2011, when Quinta do Tedo’s vineyards officially became Certified Organic, things are different. Namely, the climate is less predictable, with shorter, wetter winters and longer, hotter summers. Needing to adapt for the long-term, we decided not to hire a Weather God nor Climate Engineer, but Angelo Ribeiro - our new Viticulture Manager! 

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Angelo comes from nearby Barcos, studied Viticulture and Enology in Viseu, has completed two harvests at Quinta Nova da Nossa Senhora do Carmo (just opposite Douro River from us) and, while finishing his Agricultural Engineering degree, started his career at Quinta do Tedo. 

Angelo says “the whole process of growing great grapes starts with good pruning” (his pet vineyard task). He and our vineyard team saved pruning the vines in Tedo’s hottest and driest microclimates for last. This will delay their vegetative regrowth to ensure their grapes mature along the same timeline as those from vines that grow slower in Tedo’s cooler microclimates.

“We’ve also just finished replanting nearly 4,000 new Touriga Franca and Tinta Roriz “feet”, grafted onto a specific rootstock that is well-adapted to Tedo’s dryer, rockier soils”, Angelo says. He adds that “it is arguably more important to choose the right rootstock than grape variety to ensure the vine’s long-term viability in the microclimate where it is planted.” 

While Angelo loves working old vines (for example, Tedo’s 0.5 ha Savedra parcel that is 65+ years old and composed of 24+ varieties), his favourite grape variety is Touriga Nacional - “perhaps the most unruly to train in the vineyard, but when done right, it adds some of the most feminine and complex layers to Tedo’s Douro DOC Red Wines and Vintage Ports”.

Angelo admitted that he saw “terroir” more as a cliché marketing term until he came to Tedo. Guided by our terroir-driven winemaker, Jorge Alves, through our small estate’s wonderful diversity of microclimates and microterroirs, Angelo has come to appreciate the true meaning of “terroir” firsthand. 

“Every parcel needs to be treated differently, as every year needs to be treated differently, especially in organic vineyards”, Angelo says. He walks our vineyards every day and is an invaluable resource in making quick and important decisions in response to ever-changing vineyard and climatic conditions.

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Angelo recalls “2017 was a very warm, dry year in Douro Valley, which immensely minimized vineyard pests and diseases, while 2018 was hot, humid and brought inconsistent rainstorms that complicated farmers’ decisions of when to spray their organic fungicide”. This copper-sulfate- lime mixture has been used since the 1800s to fight bacteria that could deplete an entire harvest, if uncontrolled.

Speaking to Angelo between strong-growing vines under the bright morning sun, while Cariço (our motorless tractor that whinnies) and Felipe (aka “Horse Whisperer”) ploughed the soils, birds chirped and colourful wildflowers swayed in the background, I found it hard to fathom the future challenges our vineyards and livelihoods face. 

But, I rest assured our Team Tedo is now one-Viticulture-Manager-stronger to persevere in our commitment to sustainability for the long-term health of the environment and future generations.

Les vignobles certifiés biologiques d'aujourd'hui exigent un bon Chef de Viticulture !

Dans une récente interview pour le film long métrage de Quinta do Tedo (qui sortira en avril !), Vincent se remémore la beauté de la vallée du Douro qui les a attirés, Kay et lui, à acheter Quinta do Tedo en 1992. Il hésite ensuite avant de se souvenir de l'état "de délabrement" dans lequel se trouvaient la propriété et ses environs à l'époque.

Vivant la majeure partie de l'année dans le nord de la Californie, où l'eau est rare et où un mouvement environnemental dynamique est en cours depuis les années 60, la durabilité a toujours été ancrée dans les valeurs de la famille Bouchard, qui vit et travaille peu importe où dans le monde. Cependant, au début des années 90, le Portugal ressemblait encore à un pays en voie de développement et le mouvement en faveur de l'écologie était considéré comme relevant davantage de la législation gouvernementale que de la responsabilité de chacun.

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Ainsi, pour montrer l'exemple sans piétiner les normes culturelles du pays dans lequel nous avions été si chaleureusement accueillis, mes parents, pendant les week-ends, ont « profité » de la jeunesse de mes frères et de moi-même pour que nous ramassions les boîtes de sardines, les paquets de cigarettes, les sacs en plastique, les emballages alimentaires et même les réfrigérateurs sur le bord des routes autour de Quinta do Tedo. 

Paolo, Joe et moi avions respectivement 8, 4 et 6 ans et étions vêtus d'imperméables jaunes pour nous protéger des averses printanières et des accidents potentiels avec les fidèles du dimanche, dont certains ralentissaient, l'air perplexe, ou s'arrêtaient même pour nous demander ce que nous faisions ?

Nous étions simplement, bien que peu discrets, en train d'intégrer la durabilité dans l'éthique de notre entreprise familiale, Quinta do Tedo.

Au fil des années, nous avons continué à travailler avec des personnes du cru (dont deux font toujours partie de notre équipe de viticulteurs), à améliorer leurs conditions de travail, à nettoyer le domaine et à cultiver nos propres produits pour cuisiner pour notre équipe. Nous avons finalement installé une unité de recyclage de l'eau, enregistré nos terres et la rivière Tedo en tant que réserve écologique et, en 2009, nous avons investi dans la conversion sur trois années de nos 14 ha de vignobles, à la certification biologique. 

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Cependant, comme la qualité des vins biologiques d'il y a 15 ans était considérée comme en totale contradiction, voire comparée à du vinaigre par des traditionalistes plus méprisants, nous avons modestement décrit nos vignobles comme étant "cultivés de manière traditionnelle avec une intervention minimale". Après tout, c'est ainsi que les vignobles en terrasses, étroits et escarpés de la vallée du Douro étaient historiquement cultivés - à la main et sans pesticides, herbicides ou engrais chimiques que de nombreux agriculteurs ne pouvaient se payer.

Vincent se souvient que la culture de raisins biologiques dans le climat chaud et aride de la vallée du Douro n'était pas si difficile, par rapport à d'autres régions viticoles plus humides. Ici, les précipitations sont concentrées en hiver, lorsque les vignes dormantes sont protégées, les sols sont bien filtrés, les racines des cépages indigènes poussent profondément pour se procurer leur propre eau, et les vents forts de l'après-midi minimisent l'humidité et les parasites et maladies qu'elle peut nourrir.

Dix années après 2011, date à laquelle les vignobles de Quinta do Tedo ont été officiellement certifiés biologiques, les choses ont changé. En effet, le climat est moins prévisible, avec des hivers plus courts et plus humides et des étés plus longs et plus chauds. Pour nous adapter à long terme, nous avons décidé de ne pas engager un dieu de la météo ou un ingénieur en climatologie, mais Angelo Ribeiro, notre nouveau chef de viticulture !

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Angelo est originaire de la ville voisine de Barcos, a étudié la viticulture et l'œnologie à Viseu, a effectué deux récoltes à la Quinta Nova da Nossa Senhora do Carmo (juste en face de chez nous, de l’autre côté du fleuve Douro) et, tout en terminant son diplôme d'ingénieur agricole, a commencé sa carrière à la Quinta do Tedo. 

Angelo affirme que "tout le processus pour obtenir de grands raisins commence par une bonne taille" (sa tâche favorite dans le vignoble). Lui et notre équipe viticole gardent en dernier la taille des vignes dans les microclimats les plus chauds et les plus secs de Tedo. Cela permettra de retarder leur repousse végétative afin que leurs raisins arrivent à maturité au même moment que ceux des vignes qui poussent plus lentement dans les microclimats plus frais de Tedo.

"Nous venons également de terminer de replanter près de 4 000 nouveaux "pieds" de Touriga Franca et de Tinta Roriz, greffés sur un porte-greffe spécifique bien adapté aux sols plus secs et plus rocheux de Tedo", explique Angelo. Il ajoute qu'"il est sans doute plus important de choisir le bon porte-greffe que le cépage pour assurer la viabilité à long terme de la vigne dans le microclimat où elle est plantée". 

Si Angelo aime travailler les vieilles vignes (par exemple, la parcelle Savedra de 0,5 ha de Tedo, vieille de plus de 65 ans et composée de plus de 24 variétés), son cépage préféré est le Touriga Nacional - "peut-être le plus indiscipliné à dresser dans le vignoble, mais lorsqu'il est bien travaillé, il ajoute certaines des touches les plus féminines et complexes aux vins rouges Douro DOC et aux Portos Vintage de Tedo".

Angelo a admis qu'il considérait le terme "terroir" davantage comme un cliché marketing jusqu'à son arrivée chez Tedo. Guidé par notre œnologue, Jorge Alves, qui est axé sur le terroir, Angelo a pu apprécier la véritable signification du terme "terroir" à travers la merveilleuse diversité de micro-climats et de micro-terroirs de notre petit domaine. 

"Chaque parcelle doit être travaillée différemment, comme chaque année doit aussi être travaillée différemment, surtout dans les vignobles biologiques", dit Angelo. Il parcourt nos vignobles tous les jours ce qui lui apporte une ressource inestimable pour prendre d’importantes et rapides décisions en réponse à des conditions viticoles et climatiques en constante évolution.

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Angelo se souvient "2017 a été une année très chaude et sèche dans la vallée du Douro, ce qui a immensément réduit la présence d’insectes nuisibles et de maladies du vignoble, tandis que 2018 a été chaude, humide et a apporté des orages irréguliers qui ont compliqué les décisions des vignerons quant aux périodes opportunes pour pulvériser leur fongicide biologique". Cette mixture de cuivre-sulfate-chaux est utilisée depuis les années 1800 pour combattre les bactéries qui pourraient anéantir toute une récolte, si elles sont incontrôlées.

Tout en discutant avec Angelo dans les vignes en pleine croissance sous le radieux soleil du matin, et tandis que Cariço (notre tracteur sans moteur qui hennit) et Felipe (alias "Horse Whisperer" ou qui murmure à l’oreille des chevaux) labouraient les sols, que les oiseaux gazouillaient et que les fleurs sauvages colorées se balançaient en arrière-plan, j'ai eu du mal à imaginer les défis futurs auxquels nos vignobles et nos moyens de subsistance sont confrontés. 

Mais, je suis sûr que l'équipe de Tedo est désormais plus forte d’un chef de viticulture, pour persévérer dans son engagement en faveur de la durabilité, pour la santé à long terme de l'environnement et des générations futures.

Why foot treading?

A dear friend Francoise asked me the above, so here we go with an answer…. Since sweet port is made from partial fermentation, to save the residual sugar that comes from our grapes, the maceration that puts the juice in contact with the grape’s skin (that obtain flavor, tannins and color) is reduced to 3 or 4 days.  In this short lapse of time we need to extract as much as we can from the skin.  This is why we foot tread.   The foot treading is very soft, like a massage for the grapes; 4 hours a day with an equivalent of 1 worker per 650 kgs/1430 lbs of grapes in an open tank called a lagare.  The feet of the workers are obviously clean and disinfected, no need to worry!  Foot treading disintegrates gently all the skin and liberates all the above mentioned components of the skin.  During foot treading the foot activity does not extract only from the grape’s skin, but also from the matured brown grape pits, by rolling under the feet, that liberates a very thin skin around the pits, called by my husband “pellicule”, that is very rich in aromas and soft tannins.

Get the beat
Get the beat
Disco line dancing
Disco line dancing

Mechanical foot treading, on the other hand, if not properly adjusted, which is often the case, will aggressively break the pits, releasing the pit’s oil and green vegetable-like drying astringency, that will be bad for the port’s flavor.  Today none of the mechanical foot treaders can do a better job than what has been used for centuries; workers treading back and forth, sometimes to the accompaniment of an accordionist, sometimes playing games and taking a swig of port from a big carafe to pass the time away, and during this time gently extracting the components that make a world class port, as is the case at Quinta do Tedo.  Not only is our prestigious Vintage made this way, but all of our ports, due to the small dimension of our quinta and thanks to the number of workers and visitors that volunteer to foot tread.  If you have never tried, it is an unforgettable good time, let us know if you would like to come for a harvest and help out!

Somewhat serious
Somewhat serious