Planting a new vineyard according to old tradition

In an ideal year, from our 14 ha of certified organic (since 2010) and classified grade A vineyards, we could produce 300-350 hL of must to vinify into red and rosé Quinta do Tedo estate Ports and Douro DOC wines (we do not grow, nor buy white grapes). 

Compared to Burgundy’s Grand Cru (35-37 hL/ha) or Bordeaux’s First Growth (45 hL/ha), Quinta do Tedo’s 20-25 hL/ha and Douro Valley’s 30 hL/ha average yields are low. Might you ask “Why?”

First off, it’s harder to maximize the number of individual vines planted per hectare of stone wall terraces or patamares on heterogeneous hillsides with 30% slopes, compared to wider and more easily mechanized flatlands. Secondly, Douro’s hot, dry mediterranean climate and low organic matter soils limit vegetative growth and fruit production. And, finally, Douro is a mecca for old vines which produce less, but arguably more concentrated, complex, and consistent quality grapes.

Small old vineyard parcels densely co-planted with 20+ local varieties are both Douro’s best kept and most vulnerable treasure, considering the lack of next generation local grape growers to care for them, and large estates buying and replanting them to grow higher yields of fewer grape varieties.

We were lucky to purchase Quinta do Tedo in 1992 with Savedra, an intact 75+ year old parcel from which we produce (not in quantity, but surely in quality) our Grande Reserva Savedra Douro DOC red wine and Vintage Savedra Port. 

However, we cannot sustain growing demand for our relatively small Port and Douro DOC wine production, our Team Tedo, and the next generation of our family business only on old vines producing increasingly less grapes. And selling obnoxiously high-priced wines goes against our Bouchard Family principles and Portuguese culture by which fair-priced, quality wine is a democratic good enjoyed by all.

So, every 5-8 years, we replant bit by bit of our vineyards that have negatively succumbed to old age or disease, such is the natural cycle of immortal life. We replant according to the traditional field blend concept on a larger-scale, sustaining a mosaic of micro-parcels of different ages and varieties best adapted to each micro-climate.

In 2022, we replanted a past-its-prime old vine with Bastardo (to make a lighter-style Douro DOC red wine), Sousão (with intense color and acidity, and low alcohol potential to make fine Port), and a few Touriga Nacional clones (to observe their adaptation to each micro-parcel and climatic changes). We restructured the once unmechanizable sloping patamar with 20+ vineyard rows into smaller terraces, each with a single row of densely planted vines between which our tractor could pass to aerate the soil and make organic treatments.

This new vineyard architecture lost us 1.7 ha of plantable land to terrace walls and tractor paths, which we recuperated this year, planting the Seita Nova vineyard following old traditions at 200 meter elevation on Northeast and East facing slopes bordering matos (low-lying shrub).

Instead of buying pre-grafted vines (genetic clones which produce quicker and with more consistency, but arguably a lack resilience and “terroir identity”), we planted two different rootstocks onto which we will graft a massal selection of less-common local varietals like Malvasia Preta, Cornifesto, Donzelinho Tinto, Tinta da Barca from old vines.

We planted 1103 Paulsen rootstock, better adapted to the drier and windier conditions on the larger North East-facing slope which has deeper, more fertile and potentially more acidic soils where matos once grew. On the less fertile East-facing slope we planted 110 Richter rootstock. Both rootstocks are drought-tolerant, deep-rooting and late-ripening, and thus well adapted to Douro’s warm, dry climate.

Planting a new “old vine field blend” sounds romantic, but is no small investment and requires more planning than doing to ensure the vines will thrive past 25-30 years. Detailed operations count, “like trimming the rootstocks’ to avoid their producing excess CO2 which can intoxicate the planting hole and hinder the vine from establishing new roots there”, Quinta do Tedo’s Viticulture Manager Angelo Ribeiro explained to me. 

We are grateful for the hard work of our full-time local Vineyard Team (no doubt with some outsourced help!) who spent the first half of April digging 80 cm deep holes (to secure humidity) through hard schist rock soils. With 80 cm between each hole, our high density planting will increase the vines’ horizontal competition for resources, which they'll have to grow deep roots down to find. Finally, high pressure watering deep into each hole helps the earth crumble around the new vine, cradling it into its new home.

If all goes well, in Spring 2025, we will graft massal selection onto the planted rootstock. As we face and prepare for more intense drought conditions, in our 2019 and Seita Nova vineyard plantings we’ve shifted from spur pruning (Cordon) to low-trained cane pruning (Guyot) which we believe is better suited for lower-yielding, long-living vines in hotter, dryer growing seasons. We expect the first clusters from Seita Nova in 2026/2027, and quality fruit only after 10-12 years.

And there you have it - a snippet of what it means to be wine growers chasing amelioration while preserving tradition in the age of climatic uncertainty, to continue to produce classic and complex, deep and terroir-driven Port of DOC wines that scream “Douro”. 

Stay tuned for how our 2022 and Seita Nova plantings come along!

~ Odile & Kay Bouchard

Replanting Old Vineyards

We value old vineyards planted rather randomly to many different varietals and vines of varying ages that produce very low yields of wonderfully concentrated fruit. However, when the vineyard arrives to a point of next-to-nothing yields, something has to give and the grapevines eventually need to be replanted.

When we purchased Quinta do Tedo in 1992, the vineyards were maintained but overall had a look of abandonment. We needed to replant some vineyards that reached a certain age back then and we did so with a better understanding of what grape varieties grow best in what microclimate of our 14-hectare terraced vineyard estate. 

While it tears my heart to tear out charismatic and gnarled old vines, it is once again time to REPLANT a couple of parcels and keep the cycle going.

The past two weeks we have been busy taking out beautifully twisted old vines that average between 90 – 100 years. Our project is to replant 4.3 hectares of vineyard and turn some steep slopes into patamares (dirt terraces) to facilitate our vineyard team and plough horse working them. It will take about 6 - 8 years for the newly planted vines to produce good quality fruit. That is a daunting amount of time and a huge investment. But we need to move forward. 

During January and February, when the vines are dormant (sleeping), we will fill in the “bald spots” we’ve been clearing this month with recently grafted vines and a new varietal, Bastardo (also known as Trousseau from France’s northeastern Jura region), we are excited to welcome into our estate’s 24+ varietal vineyard composition. Here is the breakdown:

  • 3,000 vines of Bastardo – for a project to make a lighter red wine, reminiscent of a Pinot Noir, and for elegance in our blended Ports and Douro DOC wines.

  • 7,000 vines of Touriga Franca - for excellent structure.

  • 3,500 vines of Touriga Nacional - Portugal’s noble grape known for its perfume, rich color and structure, and heat and drought resistance.

  • 3,300 vines of Sousão – for acidity and colour.

Our visionary winemaker and viticulturalist, Jorge Alves, believes that these varietals are best indicated for our estate’s Enxertia, Val de Mina and a small part of Val de Savedra parcels which needed replanting. “More resilient and more “terroir-driven”, these varietals express themselves in our soils to create rich and complex wines,” he tells me. 

The complexity already apparent in our Ports and wines will be heightened over time with these varietals – deep and warm-coloured Ports and Douro DOC wines with eye-catching highlights, aromas of rock rose, dark fruit, chocolate and wet schist. The so-called “precision” found in all our Ports and Douro DOC wines comes from our grapes’ beautifully balanced acidity and ripeness that generate great roundness and richness in the mouthfeel, persistent length and a focused finish. Mmmmmm….

The soil is being worked 1.2 meters deep with semi-heavy machinery - this will provide the depth needed from the soil to thoroughly absorb Douro’s winter rain showers and retain humidity to help the new vines grows during the usually dry months between May and October 2022. 

Our historic socalcos (handmade drywall terraces) will remain intact, an added guaranty to retain moisture in the soil. The replanted parcels will be semi-mechanized by our lightweight tractor, with wider space between the rows at a 3% slope. Carriço, Tedo’s mascot horse, will continue to plough between the vines to aerate the soil without too much pressure so as to not compact the soil (and thus decrease water absorption) in the winter. 

Our choice of native and new grape varieties and replanting strategy are representative of the balance of tradition and modern applications that we have undertaken at Quinta do Tedo for decades!

Replantation des Vieilles Vignes

Les vignes doivent un jour être éventuellement replantées. Nous apprécions les vieilles vignes qui produisent de très faibles rendements de grappes merveilleusement concentrées, mais lorsqu’elles arrivent à un stade où les rendements sont presque nuls, quelque chose doit changer. 

Cela me déchire le cœur lorsque nous arrachons les vignes, mais il est temps de REPLANTER quelques parcelles. Lorsque nous avons acheté la Quinta do Tedo en 1992, les vignobles étaient entretenus, mais dans l’ensemble, ils avaient l’air abandonnés. Nous avons replanté quelques vignes qui avaient atteint l’âge d’être replantées et le cycle de replantation recommence. 

Depuis 2 semaines, notre occupation est d’arracher de vieilles vignes magnifiquement torsadées qui ont en moyenne entre 90 et 100 ans. Notre projet est de replanter 4,3 hectares de vignoble. Il faudra environ 6 à 8 ans avant que les vignes nouvellement plantées produisent des raisins de bonne qualité. C’est un temps d’une durée considérable, et un investissement énorme.

Mais nous devons aller de l’avant. En janvier et février, lorsque les vignes sont en dormance (en sommeil), les plants récemment greffés feront partie de notre domaine. En voici la répartition :

  • 3000 plants de Bastardo - pour un projet visant à produire un vin rouge plus léger, rappelant un Pinot Noir, pour l’élégance et pour le mélanger dans l’élaboration de notre production de Porto et de vin rouge.

  • 7000 plants de Touriga Franca - pour une excellente structure. 

  • 3500 plants de Touriga Nacional - le raisin noble du Portugal, connu pour ses parfums, sa couleur, sa résistance à la chaleur et sa structure.

  • 3300 plants de Sousão - pour l’acidité et la couleur.

Notre œnologue et viticulteur visionnaire, Jorge, pense que ces cépages sont les mieux indiqués à être replantés pour les différentes parcelles Enxertia, Val de Mina et une petite partie de Val de Savedra, “plus résistants et plus “orientés au terroir”; ces cépages s’expriment dans nos sols pour créer des vins riches et complexes” me dit-il. 

La complexité déjà apparente dans nos Portos et nos vins sera renforcée avec le temps grâce à ces cépages - des Portos et des vins aux couleurs profondes et chaudes avec des reflets accrocheurs, des arômes de ciste, de fruits noirs, de chocolat, de schiste humide et une précision provenant de l’équilibre entre acidité et maturité, ainsi une rondeur, une richesse en bouche, une longueur persistante et une finale ciblée. Mmmmmm.…

Le sol travaillé à 1,20 m avec des machines semi-lourdes fournit la profondeur nécessaire pour conserver l’humidité pendant les mois secs habituels entre mai et octobre. 

Nos socalcos (murs en pierres sèches assemblés à la main) historiques restent intacts, une garantie supplémentaire pour retenir l’humidité dans le sol. Les parcelles replantées seront semi-mécanisées, avec un espace plus large entre les rangs, une pente de 3%, avec notre petit tracteur léger. Tedo, notre cheval mascotte, continuera à labourer la terre pour aérer le sol sans aucune pression afin de compacter le sol en hiver.

Notre choix de cépages et notre stratégie de replantation sont représentatifs de l'équilibre entre tradition et applications modernes que nous avons intégrés à Quinta do Tedo depuis des décennies !